Jwalo ka mofuta wa di-noodle, di-noodle tse foreshe le tse metsi di na le dibopeho tsa mmala o foreshe le o bonolo, tatso e boreledi, ho tenyetseha, tatso e matla, phepo e nepahetseng le bophelo bo botle, le ho ja ka mokhoa o bonolo le o hlwekileng. Ha di bapiswa le di-noodle tse omisitsweng, di-noodle tse foreshe le tse metsi di na le melemo ya ho ba foreshe, tatso e ntle, le ditjeo tse tlase tsa tlhahiso [1]. Di ratwa ke batho ka dinako tsohle, mme mefuta ya tsona e ntse e eketseha. Leha ho le jwalo, nako ya tlhokomelo ya tatso le tatso ya di-noodle tse foreshe tsa setso tse metsi hangata e kgutshwane haholo. Mokhoa wa ho ntlafatsa ho hlafuna ha di-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi ntle le ho ama nako ya ho di boloka e ntse e le phephetso.
Tšusumetso ea Theknoloji ea Ts'ebetso ho Masticability ea Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
Theknoloji ea setso ea ts'ebetso ea li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi ka kakaretso e kenyelletsa kalafo ea pele ea lintho tse tala le tse thusang, ho kopanya hlama, ho kopanya calender, ho nchafatsa mocheso le mongobo o sa fetoheng (ho butsoa), ho kopanya calender ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele, ho seha likotoana, ho omisa moea o fokang, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko (joalo ka ho bolaea likokoana-hloko ka ultraviolet), ho paka [2] le lits'ebetso tse ling.
1、 Tšusumetso ea Tsela ea ho Kopanya Li-noodle ho Masticability ea Li-noodle tse Ncha le tse Metsi
Ho kopanya li-noodle ke ntlha ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi, 'me lintlha tse kang mokhoa, nako le lebelo la ho kopanya hlama li khetholla tekanyo ea ho hasana ha hlama [3]. Boleng ba ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya hlama bo ama ka kotloloho boleng ba ts'ebetso e latelang le sehlahisoa sa ho qetela [2]. Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong ke mochini o kopanyang hlama.
Mochini oa ho kopanya phofo ea vacuum ke sesebelisoa se tsoetseng pele sa ho kopanya phofo lilemong tsa morao tjena. Hobane khatello ea vacuum e bolokoa mochineng oa ho kopanya phofo, ho futhumatsa phofo hoa qojoa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, metsi a letsoai a fafatsoa ka mokhoa oa moholi tlas'a khatello e mpe, 'me metsi a letsoai le phofo li tsoakane ka botlalo le ka ho lekana. Protheine e ka har'a phofo e ka monya metsi ka botlalo ka nako e khuts'oane. Palo ea metsi a ekelitsoeng e ka ba ho fihlela ho 46% kapa ho feta, e leng se etsang marang-rang a gluten a molemohali, e leng se etsang hore li-noodle li tenyetsehe haholoanyane [2].
Li Man le ba bang [4] ba entse liteko tse ling mabapi le ho kopanya vacuum, haholo-holo ba ithuta liphello tsa vacuum le bokaholimo holim'a thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale, sebopeho sa micro le boemo ba mongobo ba li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Liphetho li bontšitse hore ka keketseho ea vacuum, litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe li ntlafetse haholo (P>0.05), empa ha vacuum e le 0.08 MPa, litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe li ne li fokola. Ha vacuum e le 0.06 MPa, li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe li bontšitse litšobotsi tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa sebopeho.
Ho phaella moo, diphetho tsa microscopy ya elektrone e skenwang di bontshitse hore vacuum le noodle di bakile sebopeho se tswelang pele le se kopaneng sa di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Ho hlakile hore dipatlisiso tsa bona di bontsha hore ho kopanya vacuum ho ntlafatsa thatafalo ya di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, ka hona ho ntlafatsa ho tenyetseha le ho hlafuna ha di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
Phello ea Mekhoa e Fapaneng ho Masticability ea Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
1、 Tšusumetso ea Lijo tse Ekelitsoeng ho Mokhoa oa ho Hlafuna oa Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
Hona jwale, ditlatsetso tsa dijo di sebedisitsoe haholo tshimong ya dijo, ka mefuta e mengata le ditshebediso tse fapaneng. Ho na le mefuta e 23 ya ditlatsetso tsa dijo Chaena, mme mefuta e fihlile ho feta 2000, mme tshebediso e eketsehile selemo le selemo [6]. Ditlatsetso tse amehang tshebetsong ya di-noodle di kenyeletsa haholo-holo di-gluten enhancer le ditokisetso tsa di-enzyme (tse kang α-Amylase), jj.
（1） Phello ea Setlhare se Matlafatsang ho Masticability ea Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
Matla a hlama e foreshe e metsi a ama ka ho toba ho hlafuna ha eona ho isa bohōleng bo itseng. Gluten enhancer ke mofuta oa lijo tse ka hokahanngoang le protheine ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho sebetsana le gluten le ho boloka khase. Ka hona, gluten enhancer e molemo ho ntlafatsa ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi.
1. Phofo ea gluten
Gluten ea koro, e tsejoang hape e le gluten e sebetsang, ke sehlahisoa sa phofo se fumanoang korong ka ho omisa, ho sila le lits'ebetso tse ling kamora hore starch le lintho tse ling tse qhibilihang ka metsing li hlatsuoe ka metsi [7]. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa phofo ea gluten ke glutenin le gliadin, tse nang le monya o matla oa metsi, viscoelasticity, katoloso le litšobotsi tse ling. Ke sesebelisoa se setle sa ho ntlafatsa hlama, se sebelisoang haholo tlhahisong ea bohobe, li-noodle le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa phofo.
Niu Qiaojuan le ba bang [8] ba fumane hore ho eketsa 0.8% ea gluten ho ka ntlafatsa haholo boima le thepa ea ho tsikinyeha ha li-noodle, le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea ho pheha ha li-noodle. Wu Yang [9] o bapisitse litlamorao tsa gluten, letsoai le xanthan gum boleng ba ho pheha le boleng ba kutlo ba phofo ea koro e foreshe e metsi ho latela ho fumana karolo ea koro ea koro le kokoana-hloko ea koro ka phofo ea koro e foreshe e metsi.
Phuputso ea liteko ea Wu Yang e fumane hore marang-rang a gluten a thehiloeng pakeng tsa gluten le phofo ea koro a ka ntlafatsa haholo botsitso ba bokaholimo bo foreshe bo metsi. Ha bongata ba ho eketsa gluten e le 1.5% ~ 2.5%, tekanyo ea protheine le tlhahlobo ea kutlo ea bokaholimo bo foreshe bo metsi li ntlafalitsoe haholo, haholo-holo mabapi le ho hlafuna le ho tenyetseha.
Ka hona, phofo e lekaneng ea gluten e ka ntlafatsa boleng ba li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, e le hore li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe li bontše ho hlafuna hantle.
2. Setache se fetotsoeng sa cassava, sodium alginate
Setache sa cassava se fetotsoeng se ka fumanoa ka ho se fetola, 'me se ka sebelisoa e le setenya, se tsitsisang, se thibelang metsi, sete sa katoloso, jj. indastering ea lijo.
Sodium alginate ke polysaccharide ea anionic e ntšitsoeng ho kelp kapa horsetail ea algae e sootho. Molek'hule ea eona e entsoe ka β-D-mannuronic acid (β-Dmannuronic, M) 'me α-L-Guluouronic acid (α-L-guluronic, G) e hokahantsoe ka ho tobetsa linotlolo tsa (1-4) [10]. Tharollo ea metsi ea sodium alginate e na le viscosity e phahameng 'me joale e sebelisoa e le setei, stabilizer, emulsifier, jj. ea lijo.
Mao Rujing [11] o nkile phofo e foreshe e metsi e le sepheo sa lipatlisiso, mme a ithuta litlamorao tsa liphetoho tse tharo tsa boleng tse kang starch e fetotsoeng ea cassava, sodium alginate le gluten litšobotsing tsa sebopeho sa phofo e foreshe e metsi. Liphetho li bontšitse hore ha litaba tsa starch e fetotsoeng ea cassava e ne e le 0.5%, sodium alginate e ne e le 0.4% mme gluten e le 4%, li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi li ne li e-na le litšobotsi tse ntle tsa boleng. Tshebetso e ka sehloohong e ne e le hore ho monngoa ha li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi ho ne ho fokotsehile, ha boima, ho tenyetseha le ho hlafuna li ntlafalitsoe.
Liphetho li bontšitse hore metsoako e ntlafatsang gluten (starch e fetotsoeng ea tapioca, sodium alginate le gluten) e ntlafalitse ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi haholo.
(II) α- Phello ea Amylase ho Masticability ea Li-noodle tse Metsi tse Ncha
ho itshetlehile hodima α- Thepa ya amylase, Shi Yanpei et al. [12] ba ithutile ditlamorao tsa bongata bo fapaneng ba α- Phello ya amylase boleng ba di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Diphetho di bontsha hore: α- Keketseho ya bongata ba amylase e ekeditsweng, haholoholo ha α- Ha bongata ba amylase bo ekeditsweng e ne e le 150 mg/L, boima, ho hlafuna le dibopeho tse ding tsa sebopeho sa di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe di ntlafaditswe haholo, e leng se ileng sa boela sa paka hore α- Amylase e molemo ho ntlafatsa ho hlafuna ha di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
2、 Tšusumetso ea Phofo ea Chestnut ea Chaena ho Mokhoa oa ho Hlafuna oa Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
Chestnut e na le mesebetsi e mengata ea bophelo bo botle. E na le li-acid tse ngata tse sa koaheloang, tse ka laolang mafura maling. Bakeng sa batho ba nang le khatello e phahameng ea mali le lefu la pelo, ke lijo tse ntle tsa tonic [13]. E le ntho e ka nkang sebaka sa phofo ea koro, phofo eohle ea chestnut ea Chaena e entsoe haholo-holo ka lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng, tse nang le litšobotsi tsa index e tlase ea glycemic, gluten e se nang eona, le protheine e ngata [14].
Ho eketsa phofo e lekaneng ea chestnut e felletseng ka har'a foromo ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho ke ke ha ntlafatsa mefuta ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe feela, empa hape ho ka ntlafatsa boleng ba phepo ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
Li Yong le ba bang [15] ba entse liteko tsa lipatlisiso mabapi le tšusumetso ea phofo ea chestnut e felletseng boleng ba li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Liphetho li bontšitse hore ho thatafala, ho hlafuna le ho khomarela ha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho ile ha eketseha pele ebe ho fokotseha ka keketseho ea keketseho ea phofo ea chestnut e felletseng, haholo-holo ha keketseho ea phofo ea chestnut e felletseng e fihla ho 20%, litšobotsi tsa eona tsa sebopeho li fihlile hantle ka ho fetisisa.
Ho phaella moo, Li Yong le ba bang [16] ba entse phuputso mabapi le ho silafala ha starch ea phofo ea chestnut e foreshe le e metsi ka har'a vitro. Liphetho li bontšitse hore: kakaretso ea starch le starch e silafalang ea phofo ea chestnut e foreshe le e metsi ka ho eketsoa ha phofo ea chestnut e feletseng li ile tsa fokotseha butle-butle ka keketseho ea ho eketsoa ha phofo ea chestnut e felletseng. Ho eketsoa ha phofo ea chestnut e felletseng ho ka fokotsa haholo ho silafala ha starch le index ea tsoekere (GI) ea phofo ea chestnut e foreshe le e metsi. Ha ho eketsoa ha phofo ea chestnut e feletseng ho feta 20%, E ka fetola phofo ea koro e foreshe e metsi ho tloha lijong tse phahameng tsa EGI (EGI>75) ho ea lijong tse mahareng tsa EGI (55).
Ka kakaretso, tekanyo e nepahetseng ea phofo ea chestnut e ka ntlafatsa ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe le ho fokotsa ho sileha ha starch le index ea tsoekere ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
3, Tšusumetso ea Phofo ho Mokhoa oa ho Hlafuna oa Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
（1） Tšusumetso ea boholo ba likaroloana tsa phofo holim'a mokhoa oa ho hlafuna phofo e foreshe e metsi
Phofo ea koro ke thepa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea phofo e foreshe e metsi. Phofo ea koro e nang le boleng bo fapaneng le boholo bo fapaneng ba likaroloana (e tsejoang hape e le phofo) e ka fumanoa ka ho hloekisa, ho nosetsa, ho kolobisa (ho fumana koro e sitsoeng), ho sila le ho hlahloba (ho ebola, karolo ea mantlha, slag le litsamaiso tsa mohatla), ho kopanya phofo, ho paka le mekhoa e meng, empa mokhoa oa ho sila o tla baka tšenyo sebopehong sa likaroloana tsa starch [18].
Boholo ba lithollo tsa phofo ea koro ke e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse amang boleng ba phofo e foreshe e metsi, 'me boholo ba lithollo tsa phofo bo itšetlehile ka ho nepahala ha eona ha e sebetsoa.
Qi Jing le ba bang [19] ba ithutile mme ba leka sebopeho, thepa ea kutlo, ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea phofo e foreshe e metsi e entsoeng ka phofo e nang le boholo bo fapaneng ba likaroloana. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa litšobotsi tsa eona tsa sebopeho li bontša hore ho thatafala, ho tenyetseha, ho kopana, ho hlafuna le ho mamella ha phofo e foreshe e metsi li eketsehile haholo ka keketseho ea boholo ba likaroloana tsa phofo, haholo-holo litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa phofo e foreshe e metsi e entsoeng ka phofo e pakeng tsa 160 ~ 180 meshes li fihlella tse ntle ka ho fetisisa.
Liphetho li bontšitse hore boholo ba lithollo tsa phofo ea koro bo bile le tšusumetso e kholo litšobotsing tsa sebopeho sa li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe, tse ileng tsa boela tsa ama haholo mokhoa oa ho hlafuna li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
（2） Phello ea phofo e omileng e phekotsoeng mochesong holim'a ho hlafuna ha phofo e foreshe le e metsi
Kalafo e nepahetseng ea mocheso o omileng e ke ke ea fokotsa feela mongobo o teng ka har'a phofo, ea bolaea likokoana-hloko le mahe ka har'a phofo, empa hape e ka emisa li-enzyme tse teng ka har'a phofo [20]. Mabaka a ka sehloohong a amang litšobotsi tsa ho sebetsana le phofo ke limolek'hule tsa protheine ea gluten le starch ka har'a phofo. Kalafo ea mocheso o omileng e tla etsa hore gluten e be polymer, ka hona e be le tšusumetso e kholo litšobotsing tsa ho sebetsana le phofo [21].
Wang Zhizhong [22] o ithutile mme a leka di-noodle tse foreshe le tse metsi tse entsweng ka phofo e ommeng le e phekotsweng ka mocheso. Diphetho di bontshitse hore tlasa maemo a itseng, phofo e ommeng le e phekotsweng ka mocheso e ka ntlafatsa thatafalo le ho hlafuna ha di-noodle tse foreshe le tse metsi, mme ya fokotsa hanyane ho tenyetseha le ho mamella ha di-noodle tse foreshe le tse metsi. Bothata ba yona le ho hlafuna ha yona ho fihlile hodimo ho 120 ℃, mme nako e ntle ka ho fetisisa ya kalafo ya mocheso bakeng sa thatafalo e ne e le metsotso e 60, Nako e ntle ka ho fetisisa ya kalafo ya mocheso bakeng sa ho hlafuna ke metsotso e 30. Sena se pakile hore ho hlafuna ha phofo e foreshe le e metsi ho ntlafaditswe ke phofo ya kalafo ya mocheso e ommeng ho isa bohōleng bo itseng.
4, Tšusumetso ea Yogurt ho Mokhoa oa ho Hlafuna oa Li-noodle tse Ncha tse Metsi
Yogurt ke mofuta oa sehlahisoa sa curd se hlahisoang ke ho belisa le ho lema libaktheria tse itseng tsa lactic acid. E na le tatso e ntle, boleng bo phahameng ba phepo, tšilo ea lijo le ho monya habonolo, 'me e ka ntlafatsa limela tsa mala le ho laola ts'ebetso ea mala [23].
Yogurt ha e boloke limatlafatsi tsohle tsa tlhaho tsa lebese le lecha feela, empa hape e ka hlahisa livithamine tse fapaneng tse hlokahalang bakeng sa phepo ea motho nakong ea ho belisoa, joalo ka vithamine B1, vithamine B2 le vithamine B6. Ka lebaka la ho belisoa ha libaktheria tsa lactic acid, ha e ntse e ntlafatsa limatlafatsi, e boetse e hlahisa lintho tse ling tse sebetsang tsa 'mele, tse ka laolang mesebetsi ea' mele haholo [24].
Li Zhen le ba bang [25] ba ithutile ka boqapi tšebeliso ea yogurt ka har'a li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi, 'me ba etsa tlhahlobo ea sebopeho ho li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi tse ekelitsoeng ka yogurt. Liphetho li bontšitse hore ka keketseho ea bongata ba yogurt e ekelitsoeng, ho thatafala le ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi ho ile ha eketseha butle-butle, ha viscosity, ho tenyetseha le ho mamella butle-butle li fokotseha. Ho thatafala le ho hlafuna ha li-noodle ho amana hantle le tatso ea li-noodle. Li-noodle tse nang le matla a maholo a ho shapa li matla ebile li tenyetseha haholoanyane [26].
Ba ile ba sekaseka hore phetoho ena e ka ’na ea bakoa ke mabaka a mabeli a latelang:
Taba ea pele, ka keketseho ea karolo ea yogurt, metsi a eketsoang ho li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi a fokotseha butle-butle, 'me metsi a fokolang a tla etsa hore hlama e be thata, kahoo boima ba li-noodle tse foreshe tse metsi boa eketseha;
Sa bobedi, ho teteana ha di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho bontsha boreledi ba bokahodimo ba di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Ha ho teteana ho hoholo, dikarolwana tse ngata tsa starch tse kgomaretsweng bokahodimong ba di-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe, mme dintho tse ngata di dutla ka hara sopho nakong ya ho pheha.
Ho teteana ha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho ile ha fokotseha haholo ka mor'a ho eketsa yogurt, e leng se bontšang hore ho eketsa yogurt ho ka eketsa boreleli ba bokaholimo ba li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe le ho fokotsa lintho tse lutlang ka sophong nakong ea ho pheha, e leng se neng se lumellana le sephetho sa hore yogurt e fokolitse sekhahla sa tahlehelo ea ho pheha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe;
Protheine e ka har'a yogurt e tlatsetsa protheine e phofong, 'me mafura a ka har'a yogurt a ntlafatsa matla a li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ka katleho, ka hona a ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mechini ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe le ho ntlafatsa tatso ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe [25]. Ka hona, yogurt e ntlafalitse ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, e fa batho tatso e betere ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe.
Kaha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe li ntse li ratoa haholo ke bareki, batho ba boetse ba ela hloko tatso ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Lithuto tsa morao tjena li bontša hore ho ntse ho e-na le mefokolo e itseng boleng ba li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe, haholo-holo ntlafatsong ea ho hlafuna ha li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe. Ka hona, mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa ho hlafuna, tatso le boleng ba phepo ea li-noodle tse metsi tse foreshe ho latela lintlha tsa theknoloji ea ts'ebetso le ntlafatso ea formula e ntse e le tataiso ea lipatlisiso tse ling nakong e tlang.
Nako ea poso: Pulungoana-25-2022